General. Manuscripts submitted to the journal must be original work that has not been published or is under consideration for publication elsewhere. The manuscript must be written in good English or Malay and should be no more than 20 pages in length, inclusive of tables, figures and illustrations. All submissions are peer reviewed. Each submission must include a short cover letter that clearly states the significance of the work. The abstract and conclusions must highlight what is new and/or novel in the paper.

Conflict of interest. Authors are asked to disclose any actual or potential conflict of interest, including financial, personal or other relationships with people or organisations within three years of beginning the submitted work that could inappropriately influence, or be perceived to influence, their work.

Referees. Please submit the names, addresses and email addresses of three potential referees with your manuscript. The editor retains the sole right to decide whether or not the suggested reviewers are used.

Manuscript details required by the submission form. When you submit through the site, the form asks for a title (1–500 characters), an abstract (1–5000 characters), one or more keywords, and a manuscript PDF file no larger than 50 MB. Please prepare your manuscript so that each of these fields can be filled in without truncation.

Structure of the Manuscript

Sections. As far as possible, manuscripts should be organised as: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion, and Conclusion. Sections and sub-sections should be numbered using Arabic numerals (1, 1.1, 1.1.1). Use SI units for all scientific and laboratory data.

Title. A concise title. Include the full name(s) of the author(s), complete mailing address, telephone and fax numbers, and email address. Indicate the corresponding author for correspondence at all stages.

Author names and affiliations. Present affiliation addresses (where the actual work was done) below the names. Indicate each affiliation with a lower-case superscript letter immediately after the author's name and in front of the appropriate address. Provide the full postal address including country and, if available, the email address of each author.

Abstract. No more than 200 words, written in English. Indicate the subject and scope of the paper, summarise the principal results and major conclusion, and provide at least three keywords for information retrieval.

Introduction. State the objectives of the work and provide adequate background, avoiding a detailed literature survey or a summary of the results.

Methods and Protocols. Present the new experimental, engineering, scientific or computational method. The method may be completely new or a better version of an existing method, and must be validated with results illustrating its performance compared to existing approaches.

Tables. Keep tables simple and clear. Number them consecutively in the order they are referred to in the text. Place footnotes below the table body and indicate them with superscript lowercase letters.

Illustrations. Diagrams and graphs should be sharp, noise free and of good contrast. Line drawings should be in black ink on a white background; lettering must be large enough to permit legible reduction.

Mathematical notation and equations. Type equations clearly, triple-spaced, and identify or number them accordingly. Present simple formulae in the line of normal text where possible and use the solidus (/) instead of a horizontal line for small fractional terms.

Results. Clear and concise.

Discussion. Explore the significance of the results; do not repeat them. A combined Results and Discussion section is often appropriate.

Conclusions. Present the main conclusions in a short section that may stand alone or form a subsection of the Discussion.

Acknowledgements. Place before the reference list. Acknowledge individuals who provided help during the research.

References. Use square-bracketed numeric citations in the text (e.g., "As Ahmad [1] has shown…") and provide the full reference in a numerical list at the end of the paper, using Chicago style.

Appendices. If there is more than one appendix, identify them as A, B, etc. Number formulae and equations within each appendix: Eq. (A.1), Eq. (A.2), Eq. (B.1), and so on. Do the same for tables and figures (Table A.1, Fig. A.1).

Color artwork. Please make sure that artwork files are in an acceptable format (TIFF, JPEG, EPS, PDF, or MS Office files) and with the correct resolution.

Copyright. Copyright of articles is retained under a CC BY-NC 4.0 licence. This covers reprints and any electronic reproductions.

Submission Checklist

Before submitting, ensure that:

1. One author has been designated as the corresponding author with contact details (email, full postal address, phone numbers).
2. All necessary files are ready, containing keywords, all figure captions, and all tables (with title, description, and footnotes).
3. The manuscript has been spell-checked and grammar-checked, references are in the correct format for this journal, all references in the reference list are cited in the text and vice versa, and permission has been obtained for any copyrighted material from other sources.
4. Color figures are clearly marked as being intended for color reproduction on the Web.